A very important manuscript copy of Ptolemy's so-called 'Handy Tables' is MS Vaticanus Graecus 1291. This page is restricted to some details of the famous Helios miniature, and why it is of interest for the Voynich MS, but a brief general description of the MS and the Handy Tables in general may not fail (1).
MS Vat. gr. 1291 is a parchment codex in small folio (28 x 20 cm), in a modern cover. It contains references to two previous owners. On one of the front leaves one may read: "Ex libris Fulvii Orsini" (2). Before that, the MS was owned by two Bishops of Brescia, the younger of which wrote on fol. 4v:
Hic liber est mei dominici de dominicis ueneti episcopi brixensis et fuit ex libris bonae memoriae domini bartolomej episcopi predecessoris mei et allatus est mihi ex brixia Romam
1465 de mense septembris
Ptolemy's 'Handy Tables' (Procheiroi Kanones) are a revised and extended version of the astronomical tables in his 'Almagest'. Ptolemy designed this set of tables for practical use (especially among astrologers). He only wrote a short introduction giving intructions for using the tables, but he said nothing about the theory underlying them, even though in a few instances he had modified the theory since writing the almagest.
Among the additions to the tables are a chronological table (know as the Kanon Basileion or 'Ptolemy's regnal canon') and a geographical table (the list of 'noteworthy cities', poleis episemoi) extracted from his Geography.
Ptolemy's handy tables achieved a more widespread distribution in antiquity than the Almagest. In late antiquity many commentaries were written on them. These were mostly limited to explanations of how to use the tables, but an exception is the so-called 'Great Commentary' by Theon of Alexandria (late 4th Century AD), which attempts to explain the relationship between the Almagest and the Handy Tables.
Vat. gr. 1291 is the oldest and most beautiful MS copy of the tables that has been preserved. It dates from AD 813-820 (reign of Pope Leo V). Other MS copies of the same age are Leidensis gr. 78 (88?) and Laurent. XXVIII, 26.
There is no reliable edition of the MS, but the Helios miniature has been described in various publications
(3).
IMAGE: 345k JPEG of the full miniature
This miniature is found on fol. 9r, and it is assumed to be the original start of the MS. It is of circular design, with a central emblem figuring Helios in his chariot. There are several circles surrounding this emblem and all are subdivided into twelve segments. The inner circle has twelve small naked female figures, six light- and six dark-skinned. Outside that are twelve numbers in Greek (henceforth called 'labels'). Outside that twelve clothed male figures representing the twelve months. Outside that are written the month names in Greek (indicating a specific date in the month) and on the very outside of the figure one may see the emblems of the zodiac signs.
IMAGE: 207k JPEG of the inner circle with the nymphs (enlarged)
The labels written near the nymphs define the date and time in which the Sun enters the zodiac sign depicted in the outermost ring. Boll (1899) calculates from these labels that they are valid for the 3rd Century, but Neugebauer quotes a publication (van der Waerden, 1954) indicating that he was wrong, and that it should be 9th century instead.
The labels are extremely interesting in the light of the labels used in the astrological images of the Voynich MS and will now be describe in more detail. Essentially, they give hours during the day or night, written usng the Greek letters of the alphabet. They are preceded by two characters. The first is always the same and consist of a superimposed omega and rho, to indicate ora (hour). The second looks either like an N or an M with some other small symbols written near them. They indicate either night or day, and the colour of the nymph corresponds with this distinction (light-coloured near M and dark near N). The following table gives details, based on Boll (1899) and the image itself:
Sign | Code | Date | Time |
---|---|---|---|
Aries | 20 March | Night 05:20 | |
Taurus | 20 April | Night 11:00 | |
Gemini | 22 May | Night 01:40 | |
Cancer | 23 June | Midday 06:31 | |
Leo | 24 July | Night 03:00 | |
Virgo | 24 August | Night 03:00 | |
Libra | 23 September | Midday 12:00 | |
Scorpius | 23 October | Midday 03:30 | |
Sagittarius | 21 November | Midday 10:30 | |
Capricornus | 20 December | Night 03:20 | |
Aquarius | 19 January | Midday 02:20 | |
Pisces | 18 February | Midday 02:20 |
Since Neugebauer quotes that Boll's calculations are wrong, but does not specify in which manner, the above values must be taken with care. Further articles about this dating are Spatharakis (1978) and Wright (1985). Unfortunately, I have not seen any of these.
Following are the detailed images of the light-coloured nymphs:
While these illustrations were made with completely different tools and techniques from those in the Voynich MS, they are quite similar with the latter's nymphs due to their size, appeance and arrangement. This is all the more interesting since such illustrations are very unusual in medieval MS
(4). Instead, their style belongs to late classical times (as used in statues).
Could the writer of the Voynich MS have been inspired by this very MS?.
Bibliography:
In chronological order
(5).
N. Halma: Commentaire de Théon d'Alexandrie sur le livre III de l'Almageste de Ptolemée; Tables manuelles des mouvements des astres. Paris, 1822. Tables manuelles astronomiques de Ptolemée et de Théon. II and III. Paris, 1823-1825.
Nolhac: Bibliothèque de l'école des hautes études, 74. fasc.: La Bibliothèque de Fulvio Orsini, Paris, 1887, pp. 168-169.
Boll, F.: Beitraege zur Ueberlieferungsgeschichte der griechischen Astrologie und Astronomie; Sitzungsberischt der philosophische und historische Classe, vol. I, 1899, pp. 111-138.
Van der Waerden, B.L.: Bemerkungen zu den 'Handlichen Tafeln' des Ptolemaios. Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 1953, 261-272.
Van der Waerden, B.L.: Ein Byzantinischer Sonnentafel, Sitz. Bayer. Akad. der Wiss., Math.-Nat. Kl. Naturwiss. Kl., 1954, pp. 159-168.
Stahlman, W.D: The Astronomical Tables of Codex Vaticanus graecus 1291. Doctoral dissertation, Brown University, 1960. To be published by Garland (date unknown).
Neugebauer, O.: A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. 3 vols. Berlin, 1975, vol.2, pp. 969-979.
Spatharakis, I: Some observations on the Ptolemy Ms. Vat.Gr.1291: Its date and the two Initial Miniatures, Byzantinische Zeitschrift, vol.71, 1978, pp.41-49.
Tihon, A.: Le "Petit Commentaire" de Théon d'Alexandrie aux Tables Faciles de Ptolemée (Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Città del Vaticano, 1978. (Studi e Testi 282).
Wright, H.D.: The Date of the Vatican Illuminated Handy Tables of Ptolemy and its early additions, Byzantinische Zeitschrift, vol. 78, 1985, pp. 355-362 [on Spatharakis' paper].
Tihon, A. and J. Mogenet: Le "Grand Commentaire" de Théon d'Alexandrie aux Tables Faciles de Ptolemée, Livre I (Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Città del Vaticano, 1985. (Studi e Testi 315).
Tihon, A.: Les Tables Faciles de Ptolemée dans les manuscrits en onciale (IX-X siècles), Revue d'Histoire des Textes, vol.22, 1992, pp.47-87.
Tihon, A.: Le "Grand Commentaire" de Théon d'Alexandrie aux Tables Faciles de Ptolemée, Livres II et III (Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Città del Vaticano, 1991. (Studi e Testi 340).