Manuscripts Voynich acquired in 1911-1912

Foreword

This is one of two pages at this site that look more closely at Voynich's acquisition of the Voynich MS. The Voynich MS was just one among a group of manuscripts he acquired in 1911 or 1912, and it came from a larger collection of books and manuscripts.

This page aims at reconstructing the set of manuscripts that he acquired, and it also takes a first brief look at their origins. These questions can largely be answered.

The other page explores the details of the 'discovery' of the Voynich MS by Voynich, in particular the two questions where the MS was preserved and how he was able to find and buy it. Also here, many questions have been answered by now, but there are still a number of uncertainties. There are occasional cross-references between the two pages, but both can be read independently, without having to go back and forth all the time.

There is a third page that paints the historical background of this collection, which is recommended reading, but not absolutely necessary for understanding the present page.

Abstract

First, we present the sources that are available for this analysis. In this, we do not rely on any information provided by Voynich himself, but entirely on independent evidence. We will find that they are quite consistent, with only varying completeness. We will see that the group of manuscripts that Voynich acquired can be positively identified as a part of a larger collection that was offered for sale to the Vatican library in 1912. This larger collection traces back to the main Jesuit library in Rome, at the Collegium Romanum.

A side-by-side comparison of all available sources allows us to set up a list of manuscripts that may have been acquired by Voynich. Included in this list are several manuscripts of which the present whereabouts are unknown, and there are also some for which we have no firm evidence that Voynich ever owned them. It includes 20 items of which we can be certain that Voynich acquired them from the Jesuits, for various reasons that are provided. Many of the manuscripts can be traced back to earlier owners, and for three manuscripts out of the 20 that were certainly acquired by Voynich, we have evidence that they were seen and studied while they were still in the Collegium Romanum, as late as 1870.

Apart from these manuscripts, the larger collection that was for sale to the Vatican also included a number of early printed books, including some incunabula. In its present version, this page concentrates primarily on the manuscripts.

Finally, illustrations of some of the manuscripts that Voynich acquired are presented.

1. Introduction

Voynich acquired an important group of manuscripts in 1911 or 1912. One of these was the MS now known as the Voynich MS, or MS 408 preserved at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript library of Yale University, New Haven. This page presents a reconstruction of the list of manuscripts that Voynich acquired on this occasion. It is work in progress, and additional information is still being gathered. The general circumstances of the sale, its 'discovery' and the location where it was stored before the sale, are analysed in a parallel page, which equally describes work in progress.

2. Available sources

2.1. Overview

Following are the main primary sources used for this reconstruction. They are described in more detail below.

1. Ruysschaert (1959) (1) is a detailed catalogue of a set of Latin manuscripts acquired by the Vatican library in 1912. In its introduction, the author refers to the acquisition by the book dealer Wilfrid Voynich of close to 30 books from the collection that he is describing.
2. A handwritten catalogue of books and manuscripts that were intended to be sold to the Vatican library. This exists in two copies: an original now preserved in the Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University (APUG 3289) and a photographic copy preserved in the archives of the Vatican Library (arch.Bibl.109). I have consulted the latter. This catalogue was also an important source for Ruysschaert (above).
3. A collection of 16 bibliographical paper slips preserved in the Beinecke library, each referring to one of the manuscripts that Voynich acquired from the Jesuits. These paper slips were clearly removed from these manuscripts by him.
4. Two publications by the italian bibliophile and antiquarian book dealer Tammaro De Marinis, which are cited by Ruysschaert (see note 1). One of these dates back to 1913, just one year after the sale of the manuscripts.

Additional information has been obtained from modern on-line library catalogues and from a number of scholarly publications, which are cited whenever they are first mentioned.

2.2. Source 1: Ruysschaert (1959)

Ruysschaert (1959) (see note 1) is a key source for the present analysis. The part of the text that is most relevant for the present study has been transcribed here. This erudite and very detailed catalogue describes 296 Latin manuscripts that originate from the Jesuit Roman College. These manuscripts were incorporated into the Vatican Library in 1912, as the result of a donation by pope Pius X (2). According to Ruysschaert, the complete collection acquired at the time consisted of:

• 297 Latin manuscripts (Vat.Lat.11414-11709 and Vat.Lat.13497) (3);
• 50 Greek manuscripts (MS Vat.Gr. 2341-2390);
• one Turkish MS (MS Vat.Turco 80).

He adds that a book dealer named Voynich had acquired approximately 30 manuscripts out of the original collection. These manuscripts therefore did not enter the Vatican library. Ruysschaert further explains that the collection of Latin manuscripts that entered this library consists of two separate parts. The first derives primarily from the collection of Muretus (for whom see also further below), and this now constitutes the MS collection Vat.Lat.11414 - 11615. It is mainly composed of classical and humanist works, with a majority of them dating from the 15th Century.

The second part is a collection of autograph manuscripts of Lagomarsini (4), which now constitutes the MS collection Vat.Lat. 11616 - 11709.

Pope Pius X acquired these manuscripts, and donated them to the Vatican library. Ruysschaert writes that many of the manuscripts described in his catalogue have the following attachments or annotations:

• A bibliographical paper slip in an 18th-19th century hand, providing a brief handwritten description of the manuscript, which he calls schedula recensionis
• A small attachment saying, in a typewritten script: "Ex bibliotheca privata P. Petri Beckx"
• A stamp saying: "Dono di Pio X"

Thanks to the on-going digitisation project of the Vatican Library, many of these manuscripts can now be browsed online, which allows us to see these attributes, as will be shown further below.

Petrus Beckx S.J. was the 22nd General Superior of the Society of Jesus from 1853 to 1887. It was during his reign, in the year 1873, that the properties of the Society of Jesus in Rome were confiscated by the newly formed Italian state.

In footnote 3 on p.vii of the introduction, Ruysschaert lists the manuscripts that he understands were acquired by Voynich, making reference for each item to De Ricci (1937) (5) and/or to two publications by De Marinis.

2.3. Source 2: the handwritten catalogue

In the introduction to his catalogue, Ruysschaert refers to Arch.Bibl.109, a document preserved in the Vatican archives. This document is also described very briefly in Kristeller (1998) (6), as follows (starting from "At the Università Gregoriana"):

The two discrepancies, namely the location of this document and its date, have been resolved. The original of this handwritten catalogue, which, according to Kristeller, should be in the Università Gregoriana, was re-discovered there as recently as July 2019 by Lorenzo Mancini. It is now properly catalogued as APUG 3289. Arch.Bibl.109 is a photographic copy of it. The title page of this catalogue says: Catalogo di codici e stampe acquistate dalla Biblioteca vaticana nel 1903 or: catalogue of manuscripts and prints acquired by the Vatican Library in 1903.

A recent publication by Francesca Potenza (7) clarifies that the sale was definitely completed in 1912. However, the catalogue has been antedated to 1903 in an attempt to avoid issues with recent Italian laws related to exportation or sale of antiquities. On the original, preserved in APUG, the year had been amended in pencil to 1913, and this is what Kristeller must have seen. This pencil amendation has been rubbed out in the mean time, but there are still visible remains. It is, however, not visible on the Vatican copy. Potenza furthermore clarifies that Ruysschaert used the original, and many annotations on it are in his hand.

This catalogue has a total of 294 entries. Of these, 259 are of MS codices, 32 are prints, and 3 are clearly duplications of other entries. Out of the 259 MS codices, 187 are identified (in the right margin) with an entry in Vat.Lat.11414 - 11615, 36 with an entry in Vat.Gr. 2431-2490, and one with Vat.Turco 80. The remaining 35 items are either not commented on, traced to an entry in De Ricci's Census (see note 5), or to "De Marinis", who was also mentioned in Ruysschaert (1959). The two relevant publications of De Marinis are described below.

Two of the printed books in the catalogue have also been included among Vat.Lat.11414 - 11615, presumably because they contain significant handwritten annotations (8).

This document only covers the MS collection that Ruysschaert described as 'from Muretus', while items Vat.Lat.11616 - 11709, i.e. the manuscripts of Lagomarsini, are not included in it. Out of the 202 manuscripts of Vat.Lat.11414 - 11615, 189 are included in the catalogue, which means that 13 are missing (6-7%). Among the 50 Greek manuscripts (Vat.Gr. 2341-2390) 14 are not mentioned (9). These 14 unreferenced manuscripts do not form a contiguous block of shelf marks.

Each entry in the catalogue is a short description, usually just one line, giving:

• author(s),
• title(s),
• whether the MS is on parchment or paper,
• from which century it dates (which is occasionally given as 'uncertain').

Of particular interest for us is of course the description of the Voynich MS, but unfortunately the matching record is so unspecific that it would not have been possible to identify the MS by this desciption alone. It is simply described as:

Miscellanea, c.m.s.XV

where the abbreviation means: codex membranacaeus saeculae XV. It is the only item in the entire list that has neither author nor title (10). All these points are at least consistent with the Voynich MS. In the right margin of the list, this line has a handwritten reference to De Ricci's Census p. 1846 (see note 5), which is the page that includes the Voynich MS. In Ruysschaert (1959), the list of manuscripts acquired by Voynich includes only one item on this page, and this is MS 8, an explicit reference to the Voynich MS.

The catalogue also includes 32 printed books, some of which are incunabula. The printed books are not discussed by Ruysschaert, and the annotations in the catalogue provide information about the present whereabouts of only about one third of them. There is a suggestion in Sowerby (1967) (11) that Voynich also acquired a number of these, but this still needs to be confirmed. Sowerby writes:

Mr. England, next-door in No. 70, was making a catalogue of the newly discovered printed books, and when I could I used to go in to see him and ask him to explain to me. Almost every book he showed me was a discovery, and was therefore unknown to bibliographers.

Additionally, we read in a Kansas City newspaper clip that Voynich acquired early prints at the same time as this set of manuscripts. All in all, this is very unspecific, and we will not pursue the topic of the printed books any further.

2.4. Source 3: the bibliographical paper slips

The 16 bibliographical paper slips preserved in the Beinecke library refer to individual manuscripts from the set that Ruysschaert listed as "acquired by Voynich". They were found by H. Garland in the London book shop after Voynich's death, at the time when the shop was being 'wound up'. Garland sent them to Anne Nill in the USA. This must have happened around 1937 (12). The envelope in which he sent them is still preserved (13). Two examples of these slips are shown below. For the second one, clicking on the picture will bring up an enlargement of it.

In case the Voynich MS also had a similar paper slip, this has unfortunately not been preserved. In fact, the paper slips that have been preserved represents less than half the number of manuscripts that was most probably acquired by Voynich.

Similar bibliographical slips are visible in the digitised manuscripts of the Vatican library (click on the thumbnail).

At the time of the present update of this page (December 2024) many of these Jesuit manuscripts in the Vatican Library have been digitised. Following is an older selection:

It is clear that both sets of paper slips are from the same origin, and the manuscripts used to be together in the same collection. According to Ruysschaert (14), the main text in ink dates from the 18th or 19th Century. As we shall see below, they were almost certainly written after 1849. While the scribe has not been identified, one of the more likely candidates is the Jesuit librarian Paolo Beorchia.

The small paper stickers saying "ex bibliotheca privata P.Petri Beckx" were most probably added in 1870-1873. The pencil annotations on the front of the slips preserved in the Beinecke library are in the hand of Anne Nill, and these must have been made after 1937.

2.5. Source 4: De Marinis

Both Ruysschaert (1959) and APUG 3289 (Arch.Bibl.109) refer to two publications by the antiquarian book dealer and bibliophile Tammaro De Marinis (15). I have consulted both. The first, dated 1913 (16), is one of his sales catalogues of manuscripts and printed books, of which I own an original copy. This catalogue includes B/W plates of most of the manuscripts that he is offering for sale.

As we shall see below, seven of the manuscripts in this catalogue can be traced back to the present collection. However, Wilfrid Voynich is not mentioned anywhere in the catalogue, nor is the Collegium Romanum. The catalogue lists a price for each of these manuscripts. All information related to prices of manuscripts has been collected in a dedicated section further below.

None of the printed books in this catalogue can be traced back to APUG 3289 (Arch.Bibl.109), i.e. to the Collegium Romanum.

The second book by De Marinis, from 1947 (19), is a monumental multi-volume study of the library of Alfonso V, King of Naples and Aragon (1396 - 1458). Out of the seven manuscripts that were mentioned in De Marinis' 1913 catalogue, and which trace back to Voynich, three originate from the library of King Alfonso V, and these three manuscripts are described in some detail in this book. In this case, De Marinis mentions that he acquired these manuscripts from the London book dealer Voynich. For one of the manuscripts he specifically says that he acquired it from Voynich in Rome. For two of them, he states that they were in the library of Henry Benedict Stuart (1725-1807), cardinal of York, who was bishop of Frascati (20).

Interestingly, an appendix to this volume was written by Mgr. J.Ruysschaert, so it is clear that De Marinis and Ruysschaert knew each other well.

3. Combining the sources

3.1. Correspondence between APUG 3289 (Arch.Bibl.109) and Ruysschaert (1959)

It is clear that Ruysschaert used the catalogue as a source - he refers to it - and that both documents refer to the same collection of manuscripts. The comments in the right-hand margin of APUG 3289 (Arch.Bibl.109), which were added later, provide a reference to the Vatican library shelf marks or, in case the MS did not enter the Vatican, a (tentative) identification of the present whereabouts of the MS, which may be in De Ricci's Census, or one of the above-mentioned books by De Marinis. These references are consistent between APUG 3289 (Arch.Bibl.109) and Ruysschaert (1959).

An interesting additional detail is the following phrase in Ruysschaert (1959), referring directly to the catalogue:

His codicibus addendi sunt sex alii, Biblicos textus et due Breviarium Romanum praebentes, ut apparet e quodam elencho cuius imago photografica servatur in Archivo Bibliotheca Vaticanae, t. 109

The catalogue has a handwritten table on the page labeled "B", where the Bibles and Breviaria are counted with stick figures, resulting in 6 resp. 2.

3.2. The bibliographical paper slips

There are two sets of bibliographical paper slips: those preserved in the Beinecke, from the manuscripts that Voynich acquired, and those still contained in the manuscripts in the Vatican. A comparison between these two sets shows us three things.

1. The slips kept by Voynich originate with certainty from the same collection of manuscripts as the collection that is now preserved in the Vatican library.
2. While on those preserved in the Beinecke library the name of P. Beckx is clearly legible, for those in the Vatican library the name has been erased in almost all cases. This coarse removal of the origin of the manuscripts must therefore have taken place after the two sets were split, i.e. after the sale to the Vatican. The important implication of this erasure is discussed further in a section of the parallel page.
3. Not visible in the above illustrations is, that on the reverse of these bibliographical slips (both in the Beinecke and in the Vatican) there are annotations in pencil. These are discussed in the parallel page, with the conclusion that these are the original shelf marks from the Collegium Romanum library of the Jesuits.

3.3. Correspondence between APUG 3289 and the bibliographical paper slips

Each entry in the catalogue is a short description, usually just one line, and a comparison of these entries with the bibliographical paper slips strongly suggests that the person(s) who composed the catalogue wrote these short descriptions simply by summarizing the entries on these paper slips. I have found no instance where any information is included in APUG 3289, beyond what is written on the paper slips. As mentioned already above, the catalogue entry specifies for each of the manuscripts whether it is written on parchment or on paper, and from which century it dates (which is occasionally given as 'uncertain'). The following table shows a few examples of text on the bibliographical slip and in the catalogue.

3.4. The covers of the manuscripts

The information contained in the sources as described above does not give us any irrefutable evidence that the Voynich MS was included in this collection, even though there is no particular reason to doubt it. There is, however, another common feature of the two collections of manuscripts that confirms it. This is the standard cover that was given to almost the entire collection, while it was still in the Collegium Romanum library.

The binding of the MS.

Ruysschaert briefly describes this rebinding of the manuscripts in his catalogue. Mrs. Christine Grafinger (22) of the Vatican library explained to me that almost all manuscripts in the collection have a similar, light-yellow parchment binding, and she confirmed that the cover of the Voynich MS is very similar. The style of the binding is exactly the same, and this is not just true for the Voynich MS, but also for the other manuscripts acquired by Voynich, to the extent that we have seen them.

In a >>blog entry of the Historical Archives of the Gregorian University (in Italian) we read how a large collection of Jesuit manuscripts was rebound, probably between 1824 and 1870, since they were "infested by worms". This appears to be the explanation for the consistent set of covers. The Voynich MS has certainly been affected by woodworms, and MS conservators have derived from this that its original cover was of wood covered by leather. Similar insect damage is clearly visible in least one other MS acquired by Voynich: a Boccaccio MS now at the University of Chicago (MS J14 in the following).

3.5. Manuscript Table 1

In the following, the information from the sources described in Section 2 is combined into one table. The columns have the following meaning:

The following abbreviations are used inside the table:
DM13 = De Marinis (1913) (see note 16)
DM47 = De Marinis (1947) (see note 19)
DR = De Ricci's Census (1937) (see note 5)
JR = Mgr. José Ruysschaert
PB = Petrus Beckx SJ

3.6. General notes on the completeness / correctness of the reconstruction

Ruysschaert lists 28 items of which he suspects that they were acquired by Voynich. However, from Voynich we have only 16 paper slips (23). APUG 3289 (Arch.Bibl.109) includes 35 entries for manuscripts that are not traced to the Vatican library. Combining all this information results in a list of 38 items that may have possibly been acquired by Voynich. It is of course possible that some of these items were not purchased by Voynich but by someone else, and at least one of them is rather likely to be a mistake in APUG 3289 (Arch.Bibl.109) (24). The minimum number of manuscripts that Voynich certainly acquired is 16 (from the preserved paper slips) plus one for the Voynich MS itself, so we can be certain that there were at least 17.

It is also certain that some more paper slips of manuscripts acquired by Voynich must have been lost. One such case is a pair of manuscripts originating from the library of Matthias Corvinus. These books have been together from the time they were in Hungary until the present time, yet the paper slip of only one of the two has been preserved. However, both paper slips were seen in Rome in 1870 by a Hungarian historian and transcribed by him. This is addressed further below in specific note 1.

Another interesting example is a MS of Marcanova sold by Voynich in 1924, which was identified independently as originating from the Collegium Romanum. Its paper slip has also not been preserved and it is addressed further below in specific note 3.

A third additional MS of which we can be certain that Voynich acquired it is called "Constitutiones Venetae". It is listed in APUG 3289, where it is marked as missing, and it appears in De Marinis (1913). This brings the total to 20.

Three of the items that were certainly acquired by Voynich are missing in APUG 3289, namely an Aristotle MS for which the slip has been preserved (see specific note 4 below), and the two items mentioned in the previous paragraphs (one Corvinus MS and the Marcanova MS). The last two were, however, listed by Ruysschaert.

Two items that were not listed by Ruysschaart, but for which the paper slip has been preserved by Voynich (J29 and J35), were, however, listed in APUG 3289.

Referring to the above analysis, the following seven items in De Marinis' 1913 catalogue definitely trace back to Voynich's acquisition from the Jesuits: Nos. 2, 6, 10, 11, 14, 15 and 23. Of these, Nos. 2, 6 and 23 are also described in more detail in De Marinis (1947).

Of the 32 printed books in the catalogue, 23 are not traced to the Vatican library, so this would be the maximum nr. that Voynich could have acquired in addition. None of the printed books in De Marinis' 1913 catalogue matches any of the 23 titles of missing prints. Voynich's own catalogues have not yet been consulted.

3.7. Specific notes about some of the manuscripts

Following are some more specific comments about some of the manuscripts and their tentative identifications by Anne Nill and later by Mgr. J. Ruysschaert.

3.7.1. (1) A pair of rare Corvinates

The pair of manuscripts denoted J20 (Cicero) and J22 (Didymus) both originate from the library of Matthias Corvinus. These books must have been together from the time they were in this library until the present time. They were taken to Rome and certainly ended up in the Jesuit library in the Collegium Romanum. They were seen there and photographed in 1869 by the Hungarian historian Flóris Rómer (25). Voynich sold them to De Marinis, and in 1912 the latter took them to Hungary (probably accompanied by his partner Forti), where these manuscripts were well known since Rómer's publication, with a purpose to sell them there. However, by July 1912 they were sold through Alexandre Imbert to John Pierpont Morgan. The paper slip of the Cicero MS has been preserved, but that of the Didymus MS has not. However, both paper slips were seen and transcribed by Rómer (26). The Didymus MS is missing from APUG 3289, but it is described in detail in De Marinis (1913) while Ruysschaert also included a reference to it.

These two manuscrips were sold immediately after Voynich obtained them, and they never appeared in Voynich's London shop, and were not in any of his exhibitions (see below). When Anne Nill first saw the paper slip that had been attached to the Cicero MS, she misunderstood that this MS had been sold to De Marinis by by Alexandre Imbert, and she added a pencilled comment on this paper slip: "?who is Imbert?".

3.7.2. (2) Valuable manuscripts on exhibition

Shortly after his move to the US in 1914, Voynich went on a tour of several exhbitions of his most valuable books and manuscripts. The most detailed decription of these events relates to an exhibition in the Art Institute in Chicago in 1915, which was published in the Bulletin of the AIC (27). The following is a quote from that publication, with my added identification of each MS in [ angular brackets ].

The bible receiving most attention in the Bulletin cannot be positively identified with the one listed in the table (J08).

3.7.3. (3) Marcanova's Antiquitates

The famous Marcanova MS (J30) was one of the prize manuscripts in the collection, and was initially offered for sale to Belle Da Costa Greene of the Morgan library for US$ 150,000 (28). This sale did not take place, and instead it was sold to Robert Garrett in 1924. By 1927 it was identified as originating from the Collegium Romanum library (29), where it had been seen by several people until the year 1873, after which it disappeared. It is not listed in APUG 3289 and its paper slip has also not been preserved (30). However, Ruysschaert includes a reference to it.

3.7.4. (4) A Latin Aristotle

Of the Aristotle MS (J03) the paper slip has been preserved, so it certainly originates from the Collegium Romanum library, and it was equally certainly acquired by Voynich. However, it is not listed in APUG 3289, and it has completely escaped Ruysschaert's attention, while the MS would have been of great interest for him (31). This could just be an oversight in APUG 3289, of which we already saw that approximately 6% of the books now in the Vatican Library are missing. The fascinating history of this Aristotle MS is described in more detail in a dedicated page, which also proposes an alternative explanation why Ruysschaert overlooked this MS.

3.7.5. (5) A Corvinus MS that went back to Budapest

The Mantuanus MS (J29) is included in APUG 3289 and its paper slip has survived. However, it could not be indentified in De Ricci (1937). It is described in great detail in a publication by Daniel Pócs (32). From this we learn that the MS is now preserved as Cod.Lat.445 in the National Széchényi Library in Budapest, and it also originates from the library of Matthias Corvinus. It was purchased in Paris in 1912 by the Hungarian art collector Lajos Ernst (33). Already in 1912 the MS showed damage from a fire, which can be associated with a fire in the Collegium Romanum in 1849 (34). Given that the first pages of the MS are strongly affected, while the bibliographical slip still preserved in the Beinecke is not, Pócs argues convincingly that this slip (and consequently all others) must have been written and added after 1849.

3.7.6. (6) Which Alfraganus?

Ruysschaert identifies the Alfraganus MS (J02) with MS 1 in the Estate of W.Voynich (De Ricci p.1845). This is, however, problematic, since that MS has size 21 x 15 cm and 163 ff. The paper slip refers to a MS in quarto with 154 written folios. The annotation of Anne Nill on the paper slip says: "Voynich M 7111".
MS 1 from the Estate of W.Voynich was later sold to the Columbia University of New York, where it is now preserved as Smith Western Add. MS 06. Because it includes an old italian land ownership note, there is no doubt that this MS in Columbia University is the same as MS 1 in the Estate of Voynich.
There is extensive correspondence in the Grolier club about an Alfraganus MS, between Anne Nill and Francis Carmody (Univ. of California Berkeley), early 1945. From this, it appears that a related MS was acquired from Voynich by Garrett, and is now known as Princeton Garrett MS 99. The latter is however certainly not the Alfraganus MS of Collegium Romanum. From this correspondence we can conclude, however, that Anne Nill believed that the Collegium Romanum MS is identical with MS 1 of the Estate, due to repeated references to Voynich M 7111. In the end, the situation is quite unclear.

3.7.7. (7) Which Alfonsine tables?

Ruysschaert identifies the Alfonsine astronomical tables (J03) in his 1959 publication with MS 2 of the Estate of W.Voynich. However, the pencilled note in the margin of APUG 3289 refers to the Census, p.1899. This would indicate Princeton MS Kane 51. At present, it is not clear which one is correct, and the present whereabouts of MS 2 of the Estate of W. Voynich are also not known to me.

4. Present whereabouts of the Manuscripts

4.1. Introduction

With the aid of De Ricci (1937) (see note 5) and modern library catalogues, either online or in printed form, most of the manuscripts that were acquired by Voynich can still be identified in libraries today. A table below shows the result of this exercise. The 20 manuscripts of which we can be certain that they were part of the group acquired by Voynich from the Collegium Romanum collection, are highlighted with a yellow ID in the table, which is sorted alphabetically by author. There are other manuscripts of which we can also be fairly certain, because they are listed in APUG 3289, and a corresponing MS was sold by Voynich to the holding library shortly after 1912, but these have not been highlighted.

4.2. Manuscript Table 2

Table entries:

The table uses the same abbreviations as the first table.

It of interest to note that approximately half the manuscripts that was offered for sale by the Jesuits was on parchment and half on paper, as indicated in APUG 3289. Voynich, however, clearly preferred parchment manuscripts, because among the set he acquired only one appears to have been a MS on paper, or more specifically a mixture of parchment and paper, namely one of his favourites: the Valturius MS (J36).

5. About some of the earlier owners

5.1. Alfonso V of Aragon

King of Spain and Naples (1396-1458), who possessed a very rich MS library. This has been described extensively in De Marinis (1947) (see note 19). Three of Voynich's manuscripts originate from his library (i.e. before they entered the Collegium Romanum library), namely J01, J06 and J28.

5.2. Borso D'Este

Duke of Ferrara and Modena (1413-1471). The Biblioteca Estense (Estense Library), was the family library of the dukes of Este. Dating at least to 14th century, it was largely enriched during Ferrara's Renaissance, and finally established in Modena in the beginning of 17th century. The reference to the Dukes of Modena and Ferrara by Voynich in his 1921 publication (39) appears to refer to this library (see also below, MS J17).

5.3. Malatesta

Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta (1417 - 1468). He previously owned MS J36.

5.4. Matthias Corvinus

King of Hungary (1443 - 1490). He founded a famous humanist library that was dispersed after his death. Many of his manuscripts have been lost, or are at best untraceable. The surviving Corvinus manuscripts spread over Europe have been object of intensive study by Hungarian historians, and two of the items in the Collegium Romanum library were already described and photographed before the confiscation by the Italian government. Manuscripts J20, J22 and J29 originate from his library.

5.5. Pier Leoni

Physician to Lorenzo il Magnifico (~1440-1492). Three of the manuscripts acquired by Voynich come from his library (J05, J32, J34), plus the following among Vat.Lat.11414-11709: MS 11433, 11496, 11504, 11520, 11575, 11576, 11581, 11585, 11600, 11610 and 11612. Leoni's library was first researched by Dorez (40), who found a catalogue of it, but none of the manuscripts. That discovery was achieved by Ruysschaert based on the collection that is the subject of this page. This is described in great detail in Ruysschaert (1960) (41).

5.6. Antonius Caboga of Ragusa

Ragusa is modern Dubrovnik. Antonius Caboga is mentioned on p.23 of Ruysschaert (1959) (see note 1). He may have been rector of Ragusa before 1582 (42). Voynich acquired one MS that originates from his library, and there are four more of his manuscripts among Vat.Lat.11414-11709. They were owned by Caboga until 1583, after which they belonged to Muretus (see below), until they entered the Collegium Romanum library.

5.7. M. Antonius Muretus

The large library of this famous French humanist (1526-1585) was donated to the Collegium Romanum some time after his death. Four of the manuscripts acquired by Voynich, and a large number among Vat.Lat.11414-11709, trace back to this library, including the library's catalogue of books issued before 1585 (Vat.Lat. 11562). Other manuscripts that were owned by Muret are now in the archives of the Gregorian Library (APUG) and many of his printed books are in the national library of Rome (BNCR). The manuscript catalogue of Muret's library (while in the Collegium Romanum) has recently been identified in MS Par.Lat.10393 of the French National Library in Paris, and has been published by Grouard de Tocqueville and Potenza (43). It does not include the Marcanova MS (J30), but the other three (J18, J24, J38) are positively identified, as are many items among Vat.Lat.11414-11709.

5.8. Athanasius Kircher

Among the manuscripts acquired by Voynich only the Voynich MS traces back to Kircher. Other manuscripts that used to belong to Kircher have been dispersed into several collections. This is analysed briefly in the conclusions section of the parallel page.

5.9. Henry Benedict Stuart, Cardinal of York

De Marinis (1947) (see note 19), reports that two of the manuscripts he acquired from Voynich (J01 and J28) were previously owned by Henry Benedict Stuart, cardinal of York (1725-1807), who was bishop of Frascati. However, from the published edition of his library (44) we know that these manuscripts were not included in it. For both manuscripts we still have the bibliographical slips, and both are listed in APUG 3289, so they were certainly in the Collegium Romanum library before 1873. We have to conclude that this is part of a cover story, perhaps from De Marinis, but more probably from Voynich as he had promised not to divulge the origin to anyone.

6. Financial aspects

Several of the sources related to this collection present prices of individual books or entire collections as they were sold or offered for sale. This information has been collected here. They all date to the short period from 1911 to 1914 and are expressed in Italian Lire, French Francs, US Dollars or British Pounds. During this time, the Italian Lira and the French Franc had the same value, as they were regulated by the Latin Monetary Union (45). We may use the approximate rate of 1 US $ to 5 Lire or 5 Francs. During the same period, the value of the British Pound varied between US $ 4.87 and 4.93 (46), so we may also use an approximate rate of 1 £ to 5 US $.

Potenza (see note 7) provides the following information from the Vatican archives:

• The Vatican paid 50,000 Lire for the 200 Jesuits manuscripts plus a great number of other prints and manuscripts (in 1912). This is equivalent with $ 10,000
• A private book dealer (Voynich without any doubt) had offered a standard amount of 500 Lire for each of the 200 manuscripts. This means 100,000 Lire for the lot, or $ 20,000. This may have been in 1911 or 1912. We do not know how much he paid for the manuscripts that he did acquire.

De Marinis (1913) (see note 16) provides the following prices for the manuscripts in his catalogue:

• The two Corvinates (J20 an J22): listed as "sold" and no prices given
• For the five other manuscripts from the Jesuits, one is offered for 1000 Lire ($ 200), while the other four range from 15,000 to 20,000 Lire ($ 3000-4000).
• The remaining manuscripts in the catalogue range from 18,000 to 125 Lire.

From curatorial documents preserved in the Morgan library, we have the following information about the sales prices of the two Corvinates that were listed by De Marinis as 'sold':

• Voynich received 300,000 Lire for the pair. This is equivalent with $ 60,000 or $ 30,000 a piece
• Imbert sold this pair plus a third valuable illustrated manuscript to Morgan for just over $ 100,000 (with an additional $ 10,000 'commission')

In perhaps his first letter to Belle Da Costa Greene - cited in Hunt (2006) (47) and discussed here - Voynich mentions that he has some manuscripts, which he calls 'trade manuscripts', that he values between £ 400 and £ 800. This is equivalent with $ 2000 to $ 4000. The letter is from spring 1911 and it is quite uncertain that these manuscripts are from the Jesuit collection.

Hunt also refers to Voynich's first direct sale to Morgan: an early print of Augustinus in December 1912, for an amount of £ 1200 and calls it possibly Voynich's most expensive single book or manuscript he had handled up to that date.

Already next year Voynich is offering two of the most valuable items from the Jesuit collection to the Morgan library (see here). The MS with supposed water colour paintings from Giotto (J23) and the Marcanova (J20) for $ 150,000 each. Greene makes it clear that they will not pay that, and later Voynich sells her only the former, for $ 75,000 .

7. Final comment

In Voynich 's first presentation of his cipher MS in 1921 (see note 39), he described the collection of manuscripts in which it was included as "a most remarkable collection of preciously illuminated manuscripts" and further refers to them as "with their rich decorations in gold and colors" (contrasting to his "ugly duckling"). Some links to on-line images of some of these manuscripts may illustrate this.

Links to images have been provided in the Appendix. Unfortunately, due to the dynamic nature of the internet, these links tend to break after a while, and need regular maintenance.

Acknowledgment

I am pleased to acknowledge the very helpful support in these investigations from APUG (Rome, Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University/ Roma, Archivio storico della Pontificia Universit Gregoriana).
Illustration of the paper slip of the Aristotle MS shown with kind permission from the Beinecke Rare Book and MS Library in New Haven (CT).
I am grateful to the various libraries who make available digital scans of their manuscripts in the table above, and to the Vatican Library / Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana for the digitisation of several of the manuscripts among Vat.Lat.11414-11709.

Appendix: links to some of the manuscripts

Following are some links to entire manuscripts or individual pages of these, that originate from the Jesuit manuscripts acquired by Voynich. Outdated links have been refreshed in September 2023.

The illustration of f4r of MS J17 is of interest as this shows the arms of Borso, Duke of Ferrara and Modena, which Voynich highlighted in his 1921 publication (see note 39).

Notes

1

Ruysschaert (1959), see also a partial transcription.

2

For this collection see also: Bignami Odier (1973). Many more details about the Vatican Library's acquisition of this collection are provided in Potenza (2022).

3

Only Vat.Lat.13479 is not described in his catalogue. It comes from the same collection but was only entered in the library much later as it had to undergo restauration work (source: Potenza (2022)).

4

Hieronymus Lagomarsini S.J. (1697-1773) was a professor at the Collegium Romanum, and famous for his critical edition of the complete works of Cicero. Most of these manuscripts are Cicero texts.

5

De Ricci (1937)

6

Kristeller (1998), p.347

7

Potenza (2022)

8

Namely Vat.Lat. 11535 (De S. Victore) and Vat.Lat.11602 (Hilarius Pictaviensis).

9

This topic receives considerable attention in Potenza (2022).

10

It is somewhat unsatisfactory not to see any reference to the unknown writing. On what basis Ruysschaert decided to make this identification is not yet understood, and further research in the papers of Carusi might be enlightening. In any case, the anecdote reported by Kraus further clearly suggests Ruysschaert's conviction about the identity of this MS.

11

E. Millicent Sowerby (1967) (pp.13 and ff.). She describes one of Voynich's European 'hunting trips' shortly before she joined the staff, which was in December 1912.

12

I am grateful to J. Speel for providing the closing date of the London shop.

13

It is in the Beinecke Library, and it has several useful annotations from Anne Nill.

14

Ruysschaert (1959), introduction, p. ix.

15

Some information about De Marinis may be found here

16

De Marinis (1913)

17

(Deleted)

18

(Deleted)

19

De Marinis (1947). I am grateful to the Library of Congress for an opportunity to consult this monumental work.

20

This cannot be correct, and it is perhaps what Voynich had told De Marinis, instead of the truth that he had promised not to divulge to anyone.

21

Several different hands can be identified.

22

In a private communication in 2014.

23

A statement made by Kraus (see here) may lead us to believe that around the year 1960 there may have been 17 .

24

The entry for Ritius (J33) is the first one in a different hand, and seems to refer to the same MS as one described two lines above. Three other duplicate entries exist in the catalogue, but these have been marked as such. Something seems to have been written in the right margin, but it has been erased.

25

See Romer (1871).

26

They have been transcribed in MS Fol. Hung. 1110/I in the National Széchenyí Library in Hungary, fol. 304r-325r. See Pócs (2017), where they have been reproduced.

27

See AIC Bulletin (1915).

28

As described in the correspondence between Belle Greene and Bernard Berenson, for which see here.

29

van Mater Dennis (1927). I am grateful to Rich SantaColoma for the reference.

30

It is possible that this MS, like the Didymus from the library of Corvinus, does not appear in APUG 3289 / Arch.Bibl.109 as it was intended from the beginning to be sold to a private dealer. However, this is an unconfirmed hypothesis.

31

This is one of the manuscripts that trace back to the library of Pier Leoni, as documented by the Huntington library. The MS is described in more detail here. In Ruysschaert (1960), which deals with the Pier Leoni library, this MS is equally overlooked. There is one Aristotle MS in APUG 3289 with the title 'Varia', which is identified as Vat.Lat.11509, though with some erasures, a question mark and a cross. This could potentially be an incorrect identification. That possibility is explored in more detail in this page.

32

See Pócs (2017)

33

Pócs suggests that the sale to Ernst was by De Marinis, but this is unlikely as he had no presence in Paris. Further details are presently being pursued (see also here).

34

Private communication from Lorenzo Mancini to Daniel Pócs, acknowledged in Pócs (2017).

35

The two manuscripts J06 and J28 went through several hands. After De Marinis they were owned by Patetta, Hoepli, Hornby (named by Ruysschaert), Major J.R. Abbey, and after his death they were sold by Sotheby's after 4/6/1974 (part 8) to (an) as yet unknown collector(s) or institute(s).

36

There are six MS copies of "Biblia Sacra" and two of "Breviarum Romanum" that are not traced to the Vatican library, as also mentioned by Ruysschaert. The paper slip of only one of each has been preserved.

37

From the beginning the most highly valued MS in the collection (by Voynich), with water colour paintings supposedly (but not actually) from the hand of Giotto. See this page for more details about Voynich's interactions related to this MS.

38

This MS was recognised as originating from the library of Muretus by Francesca Potenza, as described in Grouard de Tocqueville and Potenza (2024).

39

See Voynich (1921).

40

See Dorez (1894) and Dorez (1897).

41

Ruysschaert (1960), which again mentions Voynich's acquisition of some of the manuscripts coming from the Collegium Romanum library. See also Note 31.

42

According to: E. Carusi, "Un ricordo dell'assedio di Scutari (an.1474) in una sottoscrizione storica del Cod. Vat.Lat.11453", in "Studi e Testi 125, Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati Vol. V.", pp.376-381.

43

See Grouard de Tocqueville and Potenza (2024).

44

In Buonocore (2007).

45

For details, see >>Wikipedia: "In 1865, Italy formed part of the Latin Monetary Union in which the lira was set as equal to, among others, the French, Belgian and Swiss francs. The U.S. dollar was worth approximately 5.18 Italian lire until 1914."

46

The pounds to dollars exchange rate has been taken from >> this web page.

447

See Hunt (2006).